F1 teams have “little freedom” outside windtunnel for porpoising fixes

The reintroduction of ground effect-style aerodynamics for the 2022 season has resulted in the return of a phenomenon known as porpoising, at which the heave movement of the car is excited by the oncoming airflow and causes up-and-down oscillations in the car.

This was a problem for F1 cars back in the early 1980s when ground-effect aerodynamics were last permitted, and has also been seen in other categories – particularly at Le Mans – at high speeds.

Migeot, formerly the…